Android

This page will summarize the efforts made to have Android running on the APF boards.

Note: Due to Android requirements (at least an ARM926 core), it is impossible to have it running on the APF9328. Currently, only APF27 port was tested.

Some readings before starting

http://developer.android.com/guide/basics/what-is-android.html

Prerequisites for Android installation

Install needed software packages

Install these packages to build the kernel image and to format the SD/microSD card

sudo apt-get install uboot-mkimage mtd-utils

The Armadeus Toolchain, only for Armadeus patches

Update the environment variables

Theses environment variables install the Android and Armadeus folder in our home directory, but of course, it can be placed anywhere!

export ANDROID_SOURCE=~/android-eclair
export ANDROID_KERNEL=~/android-kernel
export ANDROID_SDK=~/android-sdk-linux
export ARMADEUS=~/armadeus-3.1
export PATH=${PATH}:${ANDROID_SDK}/tools:${ANDROID_SOURCE}/bin

Download Android source

List of different Android branch: heads.
The "Initializing a Build Environment" document describes how to set up your local work/build environment. Follow the given instructions until Downloading the Source Tree / Installing Repo chapter.

$ mkdir -p $ANDROID_SOURCE
$ cd $ANDROID_SOURCE
$ mkdir bin
$ curl https://dl-ssl.google.com/dl/googlesource/git-repo/repo > $ANDROID_SOURCE/bin/repo
$ chmod a+x $ANDROID_SOURCE/bin/repo
$ export PATH=$PATH:$ANDROID_SOURCE/bin
##$ repo init -u git://android.git.kernel.org/platform/manifest.git -b eclair-release ???
$ repo init -u https://android.googlesource.com/platform/manifest -b android-2.1_r2
$ repo sync      (will take some time and ~1,5GBytes)

Since android-sdk-1.5_r3 branch, the Linux kernel isn't included with the Android source anymore. We can download it in a compressed archive (tar.gz): android-kernel-2.6.29 (about 70 MBytes) or from the git repository (more than 300 MBytes):

$ mkdir $ANDROID_KERNEL
$ cd $ANDROID_KERNEL
$ git clone git://android.git.kernel.org/kernel/common.git android-2.6.29

If kernel.org is down, you can still get android kernel sources from GitHub mirror (zip file): https://github.com/android/kernel_common/tree/archive/android-2.6.29

Linux Kernel 2.6.29

Apply the Armadeus patchset

Before compiling the android kernel, we need to patch the source with the Armadeus patches.

Warning: Never export ARCH and CROSS_COMPILE environment variables because Android make use them too

$ $ARMADEUS/buildroot/toolchain/patch-kernel.sh $ANDROID_KERNEL $ARMADEUS/downloads patch-2.6.29.6.bz2
$ $ARMADEUS/buildroot/toolchain/patch-kernel.sh $ANDROID_KERNEL $ARMADEUS/buildroot/target/device/armadeus/linux/kernel-patches/2.6.29.6 \*.patch{,.gz,.bz2}
$ mkdir $ANDROID_KERNEL/drivers/armadeus
$ cp -r $ARMADEUS/target/linux/modules/* $ANDROID_KERNEL/drivers/armadeus

To generate the Linux kernel, we retrieve the default apf27 Linux configuration and modify it to suit android needs:

$ cp $ARMADEUS/buildroot/target/device/armadeus/apf27/apf27-linux-2.6.29.config $ANDROID_KERNEL/arch/arm/configs/apf27_android_defconfig
$ cd $ANDROID_KERNEL
$ make ARCH=arm mrproper
$ make ARCH=arm apf27_android_defconfig
$ make ARCH=arm menuconfig

Android kernel configuration

Make sure your kernel boots normally on your board. Then enable some Android specific configuration and make sure that your kernel still boots (with your standard file system).

Activate the Android pmem allocator

Device Drivers  --->
    [*] Misc devices  --->
        [*]   Android pmem allocator

Activate the Android drivers

Device Drivers  --->
    [*] Staging drivers  ---> 
        [ ] Exclude Staging drivers from being built (NEW)
        ...
        Android  --->
            [*] Android Drivers
            [*] Android Binder IPC Driver
            <*> Android log driver  
            [ ] Android RAM buffer console
            [*] Timed output class driver (NEW)
            < >   Android timed gpio driver (NEW)
            [*] Android Low Memory Killer

Activate the Anonymous Shared Memory Subsystem

General setup  --->
    [*] Enable the Anonymous Shared Memory Subsystem

Touchscreen kernel configuration

Activate the wake lock for spi event reach to Android and include in the compiled kernel the touchscreen driver

Power management options  --->
    [*] Wake lock
    [*]   Wake lock stats (NEW)
    [*]   Userspace wake locks (NEW)
    [*]   Early suspend (NEW) 
        User-space screen access (Console switch on early-suspend)  --->
            (X) Sysfs interface 
...
Device Drivers  --->
    Input device support  --->
        [*]   Touchscreens  --->
            <*>   TSC 2102 based touchscreens
    ...
    <*> Hardware Monitoring support  --->

Audio kernel configuration

Include in the compiled kernel the audio driver

Device Drivers  --->
   <*> Sound card support  --->
      --- Sound card support
      <*>   Advanced Linux Sound Architecture  --->
         [*]   ARM sound devices  --->
            --- ARM sound 
            <*>   i.MX27 SSI driver
            <*>   TSC210x alsa driver

Modify touchscreen driver

Android don't use tslib library so we should add the calibration directly in ts drivers
edit $ANDROID_KERNEL/drivers/input/touchscreen/tsc2102_ts.c
Add new definitions for X and Y ranges

#define DRIVER_NAME "TSC210x Touchscreen"
#define X_AXIS_MAX    4000
#define X_AXIS_MIN    0
#define Y_AXIS_MAX    4200
#define Y_AXIS_MIN    100
#define PRESSURE_MIN  20
#define PRESSURE_MAX  40000
#define FACTOR        5000

Send touch event to Android when the user release the touchscreen

static void tsc210x_touch(int touching)
{
    if (!touching) {
        //input_report_abs(dev, ABS_X, 0);
        //input_report_abs(dev, ABS_Y, 0);
        input_report_key(dev, BTN_TOUCH, 0);
        input_report_abs(dev, ABS_PRESSURE, 0);
        input_sync(dev);
    }

    //input_report_key(dev, BTN_TOUCH, touching);
    //do_poke_blanked_console = 1;
}

static void tsc210x_coords(int x, int y, int z1, int z2)
{
    int p;

    /* Calculate the touch resistance a la equation #1 */
    if (z1 != 0)
        p = x * (z2 - z1) / (z1 << 4) * FACTOR;
    else
        p = 1;
        
    y = Y_AXIS_MAX - y;
    input_report_key(dev, BTN_TOUCH, 1);
    input_report_abs(dev, ABS_X, x);
    input_report_abs(dev, ABS_Y, y);
    input_report_abs(dev, ABS_PRESSURE, p);
    input_sync(dev);
}

Calibrate the touchscreen with X and Y ranges

static int tsc210x_ts_probe(struct platform_device *pdev)
{
   int status;

   dev = input_allocate_device();
   if (!dev)
      return -ENOMEM;

   status = tsc210x_touch_cb(tsc210x_touch);
   if (status)
   {
      goto error;
   }

   status = tsc210x_coords_cb(tsc210x_coords);
   if (status)
   {
      goto error;
   }

   dev->name = DRIVER_NAME;
   dev->dev.parent = &pdev->dev;
   dev->evbit[0] = BIT_MASK(EV_KEY) | BIT_MASK(EV_ABS);
   dev->keybit[BIT_WORD(BTN_TOUCH)] |= BIT_MASK(BTN_TOUCH);
   dev->absbit[0] = BIT_MASK(ABS_X) | BIT_MASK(ABS_Y) | BIT_MASK(ABS_PRESSURE);
   input_set_abs_params(dev, ABS_X, X_AXIS_MIN, X_AXIS_MAX, 0, 0);
   input_set_abs_params(dev, ABS_Y, Y_AXIS_MIN, Y_AXIS_MAX, 0, 0);
   input_set_abs_params(dev, ABS_PRESSURE, PRESSURE_MIN, PRESSURE_MAX, 0, 0);
   status = input_register_device(dev);
   if (status)
   {
      printk(KERN_INFO "Unable to register TSC210x as input device !\n");
      goto error;
   }

   printk(DRIVER_NAME " driver initialized\n");
   return 0;

error:
   input_free_device(dev);
   return status;
}

Build Android kernel

Compile the kernel and generate image kernel for U-Boot Loader

cd $ANDROID_KERNEL
make ARCH=arm CROSS_COMPILE=$ANDROID_SOURCE/prebuilt/linux-x86/toolchain/arm-eabi-4.2.1/bin/arm-eabi- uImage
cp $ANDROID_KERNEL/arch/arm/boot/uImage $TFTPBOOT/apf27-linux.bin

Android

Battery patch

At the beginning, reboot happened over again even though Android logo appeared on board. Result of investigation, we found that battery power was returned with 0 when boot.. Then, we changed to notify full battery to Android by ignoring the information under /sys/class/power_supply so that to prevent the power down by low battery $ANDROID_SOURCE/frameworks/base/services/jni/com_android_server_BatteryService.cpp

Change the battery service status as TRUE

static void setBooleanField(JNIEnv* env, jobject obj, const char* path, jfieldID fieldID)
{
   const int SIZE = 16;
   char buf[SIZE];

   jboolean value = true; /* change false -> true */
   /*!!!comment out!!!
   if (readFromFile(path, buf, SIZE) > 0) {
      if (buf[0] == '1') {
         value = true;
      }
   }
   */
   env->SetBooleanField(obj, fieldID, value);
}

Change the volume, voltage and temperature of battery. Return 100%.

static void setIntField(JNIEnv* env, jobject obj, const char* path, jfieldID fieldID)
{
   const int SIZE = 128;
   char buf[SIZE];

   jint value = 100; /* change 0 -> 100 */
   /*!!!comment out!!!
   if (readFromFile(path, buf, SIZE) > 0) {
      value = atoi(buf);
   }
   */
   env->SetIntField(obj, fieldID, value);
}

Change the battery charged status as full and deterioration status as fair.

static void android_server_BatteryService_update(JNIEnv* env, jobject obj)
{
   setBooleanField(env, obj, AC_ONLINE_PATH, gFieldIds.mAcOnline);
   setBooleanField(env, obj, USB_ONLINE_PATH, gFieldIds.mUsbOnline);
   setBooleanField(env, obj, BATTERY_PRESENT_PATH, gFieldIds.mBatteryPresent);

   setIntField(env, obj, BATTERY_CAPACITY_PATH, gFieldIds.mBatteryLevel);
   setIntField(env, obj, BATTERY_VOLTAGE_PATH, gFieldIds.mBatteryVoltage);
   setIntField(env, obj, BATTERY_TEMPERATURE_PATH, gFieldIds.mBatteryTemperature);

   /* Change */
   env->SetIntField(obj, gFieldIds.mBatteryStatus, gConstants.statusFull);
   env->SetIntField(obj, gFieldIds.mBatteryHealth, gConstants.healthGood);
   env->SetObjectField(obj, gFieldIds.mBatteryTechnology, env->NewStringUTF("1"));

   /*!!!comment out!!!
   const int SIZE = 128;
   char buf[SIZE];

   if (readFromFile(BATTERY_STATUS_PATH, buf, SIZE) > 0)
      env->SetIntField(obj, gFieldIds.mBatteryStatus, getBatteryStatus(buf));

   if (readFromFile(BATTERY_HEALTH_PATH, buf, SIZE) > 0)
      env->SetIntField(obj, gFieldIds.mBatteryHealth, getBatteryHealth(buf));

   if (readFromFile(BATTERY_TECHNOLOGY_PATH, buf, SIZE) > 0)
      env->SetObjectField(obj, gFieldIds.mBatteryTechnology, env->NewStringUTF(buf));
   */
}

Audio

For activate the audio, we should retrieve Alsa android module whose not directly add in the source

cd $ANDROID_SOURCE/external
git clone git://android.git.kernel.org/platform/external/alsa-lib.git
git clone git://android.git.kernel.org/platform/external/alsa-utils.git
cd $ANDROID_SOURCE/hardware 
git clone git://android.git.kernel.org/platform/hardware/alsa_sound.git

edit $ANDROID_SOURCE/build/target/board/generic/BoardConfig.mk and modify the audio divers used by Android

 
# HAVE_HTC_AUDIO_DRIVER := true
# BOARD_USES_GENERIC_AUDIO := true
BOARD_USES_ALSA_AUDIO := true
BUILD_WITH_ALSA_UTILS := true

edit $ANDROID_SOURCE/hardware/alsa_sound/AudioHardwareALSA.cpp and change bufferSize to 8192 in twice StreamDefaults structures
edit $ANDROID_SOURCE/system/core/init/devices.c and add audio device in Linux devices

static struct perms_ devperms[] = {
    { "/dev/null",          0666,   AID_ROOT,       AID_ROOT,       0 },
...
    { "/dev/qmi1",          0640,   AID_RADIO,      AID_RADIO,      0 },
    { "/dev/qmi2",          0640,   AID_RADIO,      AID_RADIO,      0 },
    // Add this line
    { "/dev/snd/",          0664,   AID_SYSTEM,     AID_AUDIO,      1 },
    { NULL, 0, 0, 0, 0 },
};

static void handle_device_event(struct uevent *uevent)
{
    char devpath[96];
    char *base, *name;
    int block;
...
   } else if(!strncmp(uevent->subsystem, "mtd", 3)) {
      base = "/dev/mtd/";
      mkdir(base, 0755);
   // add this conditionnal block
   } else if(!strncmp(uevent->subsystem, "sound", 5)) {
      base = "/dev/snd/";
      mkdir(base, 0755);
   } else if(!strncmp(uevent->subsystem, "misc", 4) &&
             !strncmp(name, "log_", 4)) {
      base = "/dev/log/";
      mkdir(base, 0755);
      name += 4;
   } else
      base = "/dev/";
}

Add audio files in Android files system

mkdir $ANDROID_SOURCE/system/core/rootdir/media 
mkdir $ANDROID_SOURCE/system/core/rootdir/media/audio 
mkdir $ANDROID_SOURCE/system/core/rootdir/media/audio/ui
mkdir $ANDROID_SOURCE/system/core/rootdir/media/audio/alarms 
mkdir $ANDROID_SOURCE/system/core/rootdir/media/audio/notifications 
mkdir $ANDROID_SOURCE/system/core/rootdir/media/audio/ringtones 
cp $ANDROID_SOURCE/frameworks/base/data/sounds/effects/* $ANDROID_SOURCE/system/core/rootdir/media/audio/ui/ 
cp $ANDROID_SOURCE/frameworks/base/data/sounds/Alarm_* $ANDROID_SOURCE/system/core/rootdir/media/audio/alarms/
cp $ANDROID_SOURCE/frameworks/base/data/sounds/notifications/* $ANDROID_SOURCE/system/core/rootdir/media/audio/notifications/
cp $ANDROID_SOURCE/frameworks/base/data/sounds/Ring_* $ANDROID_SOURCE/system/core/rootdir/media/audio/ringtones/

Android start up

Edit $ANDROID_SOURCE/system/core/rootdir/init.rc, comment the mount roofs in read only mode and mount yaffs2 lines like this:

 # setup the global environment
    export PATH /sbin:/system/sbin:/system/bin:/system/xbin
    export LD_LIBRARY_PATH /system/lib
    export ANDROID_BOOTLOGO 1
    export ANDROID_ROOT /system
    export ANDROID_ASSETS /system/app
    export ANDROID_DATA /data
    export EXTERNAL_STORAGE /sdcard
    export BOOTCLASSPATH /system/framework/core.jar:/system/framework/ext.jar:/system/framework/framework.jar:/system/framework/android.policy.jar:/system/framework/services.jar

    mount rootfs rootfs / rw remount

# Backward compatibility
    symlink /system/etc /etc

# create mountpoints and mount tmpfs on sqlite_stmt_journals
    mkdir /sdcard 0000 system system
    mkdir /system
    mkdir /data 0771 system system
    mkdir /cache 0770 system cache
    mkdir /sqlite_stmt_journals 01777 root root
    mount tmpfs tmpfs /sqlite_stmt_journals size=4m

    mount rootfs rootfs / ro remount

    write /proc/sys/kernel/panic_on_oops 1
    write /proc/sys/kernel/hung_task_timeout_secs 0
    write /proc/cpu/alignment 4
    write /proc/sys/kernel/sched_latency_ns 10000000
    write /proc/sys/kernel/sched_wakeup_granularity_ns 2000000

# mount mtd partitions
    # Mount the SD Card partition
    setprop EXTERNAL_STORAGE_STATE mounted
    mount vfat /dev/block/mmcblk0p1 /sdcard nosuid nodev

    # We chown/chmod /data again so because mount is run as root + defaults
    mount ext2 /dev/block/mmcblk0p2 /data nosuid nodev
    chown system system /data
    chmod 0771 /data

    # Same reason as /data above
    chown system cache /cache
    chmod 0770 /cache

    # This may have been created by the recovery system with odd permissions
    chown system system /cache/recovery
    chmod 0770 /cache/recovery

Compile

$ cd $ANDROID_SOURCE
$ make

Making RootFS

Android Root File system

Android emulator has 3 basic images on $ANDROID_SOURCE/tools/lib/images directory.

ramdisk.img is gziped cpio archive. ramdisk.img is a small partition image that is mounted read-only by the kernel at boot time. It only contains /init and a few config files. It is used to start init which will mount the rest of the system images properly and run the init procedure. A Ramdisk is a standard Linux feature. It is made just for the Android and do special things to start up the Android system.
system.img is a partition image that will be mounted as / and thus contains all system binaries.
userdata.img is a partition image that can be mounted as /data and thus contains all application-specific and user-specific data.

Create the Android root filesystem for apf27

Android’s root file system is generated in $ANDROID_SOURCE/out/target/product/generic. We will create a folder containing all Android files images.

sudo rm -rf $ANDROID_SOURCE/rootfs/
cd $ANDROID_SOURCE/out/target/product/generic
mkdir $ANDROID_SOURCE/rootfs
cp -a root/* $ANDROID_SOURCE/rootfs/
cp -a system/* $ANDROID_SOURCE/rootfs/system/
cd $ANDROID_SOURCE/rootfs
sudo chown -R root.root .
sudo chmod -R a+rwX data system

JFFS2 Root file system

Actually, Android should use a file system how support mmap function like yaffs2, ext2 or ubifs. Unfortunaly, U-Boot support only jffs2 or ext2. So we will use ext2 on a µSD for data.

Prepare the MMC/µSD card

We will create two partitions on our mmc/µSD card, The first one will use for Android memory card, the second one will use for Android file system. First connect your card reader to your workstation, with the mmc/µSD card inside. Type the dmesg command to see which device is used by your workstation. Let’s assume that this device is /dev/sdb

$ dmesg
...
[ 9145.613954]  sdb: sdb1 sdb2
[ 9145.615125] sd 10:0:0:0: [sdc] Attached SCSI removable disk
[ 9145.615258] sd 10:0:0:0: Attached scsi generic sg3 type 0

Type the mount command to check your currently mounted partitions. If MMC/SD partitions are mounted, unmount them.
In a terminal edit partitions with fdisk:

sudo fdisk /dev/sdb

Delete any existing partition with the d command.
Now, create the boot partition:

Command (m for help): n
Command action
   e   extended
   p   primary partition (1-4)
p
Partition number (1-4): 1
First cylinder (1-495, default 1): 1
Last cylinder, +cylinders or +size{K,M,G} (1-239, default 239): +1G

Change its type to FAT32:

Command (m for help): t
Selected partition 1
Hex code (type L to list codes): c
Changed system type of partition 1 to c (W95 FAT32 (LBA))

Using the n command again, create a second partition filling up the rest of your card (just accept default values).
Now, format the partitions in your card:

sudo mkfs.vfat -n MemoryCard -F 32 /dev/sdb1
sudo mkfs.ext2 -L data /dev/sdb2

Boot setup

$ sudo mkfs.jffs2 -n -e 0x20000 --pad=0x700000 -r $ANDROID_SOURCE/rootfs -o $TFTPBOOT/apf27-rootfs.arm.jffs2

The last thing left to do is to specify how the board boots Linux.
In the U-boot prompt, make the mmc boot is on second partition of the mmc/µSD card

 
setenv addjffsargs 'setenv bootargs ${bootargs} root=/dev/mtdblock4 rootfstype=jffs2 init=/init'
setenv bootcmd run mmcboot
saveenv
run update_kernel
run update_rootfs

Debug

Prerequisite

Installing the Android Development Tools (ADT) Trace with logcat with Eclipse-ADT

export ADBHOST=w.x.y.z
adb kill-server
adb start-server

Test with Android emulator

Documentation on Android emulator

cd $ANDROID_SOURCE/kernel
make ARCH=arm goldfish_defconfig
make ARCH=arm CROSS_COMPILE=$ANDROID_SOURCE/prebuilt/linux-x86/toolchain/arm-eabi-4.2.1/bin/arm-eabi

Create AVD (Android Virtual Device)

$ANDROID_SDK/tools/android create avd -n APF27-H -t 4 -s 272x480
$ANDROID_SDK/tools/android create avd -n APF27-L -t 4 -s 480x272
$ANDROID_SOURCE/out/host/linux-x86/bin/emulator -avd APF27-H -sysdir $ANDROID_SOURCE/out/target/product/generic/ -kernel $ANDROID_SOURCE/kernel/arch/arm/boot/zImage -data $ANDROID_SOURCE/out/target/product/generic/userdata.img -ramdisk $ANDROID_SOURCE/out/target/product/generic/ramdisk.img -system $ANDROID_SOURCE/out/target/product/generic/system.img

Links

Thanks

Thanks to Xavier Romanens and Fabrice Carrel form Ecole d'ingénieurs et d'architectes de Fribourg for their contributions.

Android

Contents

Some readings before starting

Prerequisites for Android installation

Install needed software packages

Update the environment variables

Download Android source

Linux Kernel 2.6.29

Apply the Armadeus patchset

Android kernel configuration

Touchscreen kernel configuration

Audio kernel configuration

Modify touchscreen driver

Build Android kernel

Android

Battery patch

Audio

Android start up

Compile

Making RootFS

Android Root File system

Create the Android root filesystem for apf27

JFFS2 Root file system

Prepare the MMC/µSD card

Boot setup

Debug

Prerequisite

Test with Android emulator

Links

Thanks

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